਀                            㰀椀渀瀀甀琀 琀礀瀀攀㴀∀挀栀攀挀欀戀漀砀∀ 椀搀㴀∀挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀㄀㌀∀ 渀愀洀攀㴀∀挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀∀ 瘀愀氀甀攀㴀∀䌀栀愀瀀琀攀爀 ㄀㌀∀㸀 13. Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen (Amines)਀                        㰀⼀搀椀瘀㸀 ਀    㰀⼀搀椀瘀㸀 ਀    㰀搀椀瘀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀爀 栀椀搀搀攀渀∀ 椀搀㴀∀最攀渀攀爀愀琀攀搀倀愀瀀攀爀䌀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀爀∀㸀㰀⼀搀椀瘀㸀 ਀    㰀猀挀爀椀瀀琀㸀 // Initialize jsPDF਀        挀漀渀猀琀 笀 樀猀倀䐀䘀 紀 㴀 眀椀渀搀漀眀⸀樀猀瀀搀昀㬀 ਀        ⼀⼀ 䐀伀䴀 䔀氀攀洀攀渀琀猀 const startContainer = document.getElementById('startContainer');਀        挀漀渀猀琀 猀琀愀爀琀匀挀爀攀攀渀 㴀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀⸀最攀琀䔀氀攀洀攀渀琀䈀礀䤀搀⠀✀猀琀愀爀琀匀挀爀攀攀渀✀⤀㬀 const chemistryOptions = document.getElementById('chemistryOptions');਀        挀漀渀猀琀 挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀匀攀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 㴀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀⸀最攀琀䔀氀攀洀攀渀琀䈀礀䤀搀⠀✀挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀匀攀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀✀⤀㬀 const generatedPaperContainer = document.getElementById('generatedPaperContainer');਀         // Buttons਀        挀漀渀猀琀 猀琀愀爀琀䜀攀渀攀爀愀琀椀渀最䈀琀渀 㴀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀⸀最攀琀䔀氀攀洀攀渀琀䈀礀䤀搀⠀✀猀琀愀爀琀䜀攀渀攀爀愀琀椀渀最䈀琀渀✀⤀㬀 const selectChemistryBtn = document.getElementById('selectChemistryBtn');਀        挀漀渀猀琀 戀愀挀欀吀漀匀琀愀爀琀䈀琀渀 㴀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀⸀最攀琀䔀氀攀洀攀渀琀䈀礀䤀搀⠀✀戀愀挀欀吀漀匀琀愀爀琀䈀琀渀✀⤀㬀 const generateAssignmentBtn = document.getElementById('generateAssignmentBtn');਀        挀漀渀猀琀 昀甀氀氀倀愀瀀攀爀䌀栀攀挀欀戀漀砀 㴀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀⸀最攀琀䔀氀攀洀攀渀琀䈀礀䤀搀⠀✀昀甀氀氀倀愀瀀攀爀✀⤀㬀 const chapterCheckboxes = document.querySelectorAll('input[name="chapter"]:not(#fullPaper)');਀ // Event Listeners਀        猀琀愀爀琀䜀攀渀攀爀愀琀椀渀最䈀琀渀⸀愀搀搀䔀瘀攀渀琀䰀椀猀琀攀渀攀爀⠀✀挀氀椀挀欀✀Ⰰ 猀栀漀眀䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀伀瀀琀椀漀渀猀⤀㬀 selectChemistryBtn.addEventListener('click', showChapters);਀        戀愀挀欀吀漀匀琀愀爀琀䈀琀渀⸀愀搀搀䔀瘀攀渀琀䰀椀猀琀攀渀攀爀⠀✀挀氀椀挀欀✀Ⰰ 戀愀挀欀吀漀匀琀愀爀琀⤀㬀 generateAssignmentBtn.addEventListener('click', generateAssignment);਀        昀甀氀氀倀愀瀀攀爀䌀栀攀挀欀戀漀砀⸀愀搀搀䔀瘀攀渀琀䰀椀猀琀攀渀攀爀⠀✀挀栀愀渀最攀✀Ⰰ 琀漀最最氀攀䌀栀愀瀀琀攀爀猀⤀㬀 ਀        挀漀渀猀琀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀 㴀 笀 "Chapter 1": {਀                洀挀焀㨀 嬀 { question: "Which of the following is an example of amorphous solid?", options: ["Quartz", "Glass", "Diamond", "Graphite"], answer: "Glass" },਀                    笀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀吀栀攀 挀漀漀爀搀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 椀渀 愀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀 挀甀戀椀挀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 椀猀㨀∀Ⰰ 漀瀀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀∀㐀∀Ⰰ ∀㘀∀Ⰰ ∀㠀∀Ⰰ ∀㄀㈀∀崀Ⰰ 愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀㘀∀ 紀Ⰰ { question: "Which type of defect is shown by NaCl when heated in Na vapor?", options: ["Schottky defect", "Frenkel defect", "Metal excess defect", "Metal deficiency defect"], answer: "Metal excess defect" }਀                崀Ⰰ assertionReason: [਀                    笀  assertion: "Amorphous solids are isotropic in nature.", ਀                        爀攀愀猀漀渀㨀 ∀䄀洀漀爀瀀栀漀甀猀 猀漀氀椀搀猀 栀愀瘀攀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀椀攀猀 椀渀 愀氀氀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀⸀∀Ⰰ answer: "Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A."਀                    紀Ⰰ { ਀                        愀猀猀攀爀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀䐀漀瀀椀渀最 漀昀 猀椀氀椀挀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 愀爀猀攀渀椀挀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀猀 愀渀 渀ⴀ琀礀瀀攀 猀攀洀椀挀漀渀搀甀挀琀漀爀⸀∀Ⰰ  reason: "Arsenic has five valence electrons which creates an extra electron in the crystal.",਀                        愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䈀漀琀栀 䄀 愀渀搀 刀 愀爀攀 琀爀甀攀 愀渀搀 刀 椀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀⸀∀ }਀                崀Ⰰ veryShort: [਀                    ∀䐀攀昀椀渀攀 琀栀攀 琀攀爀洀 ✀甀渀椀琀 挀攀氀氀✀ 椀渀 挀爀礀猀琀愀氀氀漀最爀愀瀀栀礀⸀∀Ⰰ "What is the coordination number of atoms in a body-centered cubic (BCC) structure?"਀                崀Ⰰ short: [਀                    ∀䔀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 匀挀栀漀琀琀欀礀 搀攀昀攀挀琀 愀渀搀 䘀爀攀渀欀攀氀 搀攀昀攀挀琀 眀椀琀栀 猀甀椀琀愀戀氀攀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀⸀∀Ⰰ "Differentiate between crystalline and amorphous solids with examples."਀                崀Ⰰ long: [਀                    ∀䔀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 琀攀爀洀猀 眀椀琀栀 猀甀椀琀愀戀氀攀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀㨀 ⠀椀⤀ 䘀攀爀爀漀洀愀最渀攀琀椀猀洀 ⠀椀椀⤀ 倀愀爀愀洀愀最渀攀琀椀猀洀 ⠀椀椀椀⤀ 䘀攀爀爀椀洀愀最渀攀琀椀猀洀∀Ⰰ "Calculate the packing efficiency in a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure."਀                崀Ⰰ caseStudy: [਀                    笀 context: "A student was studying the properties of ionic solids. He observed that some ionic solids conduct electricity in molten state but not in solid state. He also noted that some solids show color due to the presence of certain defects.",਀                        焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀 "Explain why ionic solids conduct electricity in molten state but not in solid state.",਀                            ∀圀栀愀琀 琀礀瀀攀 漀昀 搀攀昀攀挀琀猀 挀愀渀 椀洀瀀愀爀琀 挀漀氀漀爀 琀漀 椀漀渀椀挀 猀漀氀椀搀猀㼀 䔀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 眀椀琀栀 愀渀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀⸀∀ ]਀                    紀 ]਀            紀Ⰰ "Chapter 2": { ਀                洀挀焀㨀 嬀 { question: "Which of the following is not a colligative property?", options: ["Osmotic pressure", "Lowering of vapor pressure", "Elevation in boiling point", "Solubility"], answer: "Solubility" },਀                    笀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀吀栀攀 嘀愀渀✀琀 䠀漀昀昀 昀愀挀琀漀爀 昀漀爀 愀 搀椀氀甀琀攀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䬀㈀匀伀㐀 椀猀㨀∀Ⰰ 漀瀀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀∀㄀∀Ⰰ ∀㈀∀Ⰰ ∀㌀∀Ⰰ ∀㐀∀崀Ⰰ 愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀㌀∀ 紀Ⰰ { question: "An ideal solution obeys:", options: ["Boyle's law", "Raoult's law", "Henry's law", "Graham's law"], answer: "Raoult's law" }਀                崀Ⰰ assertionReason: [਀                    笀  assertion: "The solubility of gases in liquids decreases with increase in temperature.", ਀                        爀攀愀猀漀渀㨀 ∀䐀椀猀猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 最愀猀攀猀 椀渀 氀椀焀甀椀搀猀 椀猀 愀渀 攀砀漀琀栀攀爀洀椀挀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀⸀∀Ⰰ answer: "Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A."਀                    紀Ⰰ { ਀                        愀猀猀攀爀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀䄀稀攀漀琀爀漀瀀攀猀 挀愀渀渀漀琀 戀攀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 昀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀愀氀 搀椀猀琀椀氀氀愀琀椀漀渀⸀∀Ⰰ  reason: "Azeotropes have the same composition in liquid and vapor phase.",਀                        愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䈀漀琀栀 䄀 愀渀搀 刀 愀爀攀 琀爀甀攀 愀渀搀 刀 椀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀⸀∀ }਀                崀Ⰰ veryShort: [਀                    ∀䐀攀昀椀渀攀 琀栀攀 琀攀爀洀 ✀洀漀氀愀爀椀琀礀✀⸀∀Ⰰ "What is the effect of temperature on Henry's law constant?"਀                崀Ⰰ short: [਀                    ∀䐀攀爀椀瘀攀 琀栀攀 爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀栀椀瀀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 爀攀氀愀琀椀瘀攀 氀漀眀攀爀椀渀最 漀昀 瘀愀瀀漀爀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 洀漀氀愀爀 洀愀猀猀 漀昀 猀漀氀甀琀攀⸀∀Ⰰ "Explain why the boiling point of solution is higher than that of pure solvent."਀                崀Ⰰ long: [਀                    ∀圀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 椀搀攀愀氀 愀渀搀 渀漀渀ⴀ椀搀攀愀氀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀猀㼀 䐀椀猀挀甀猀猀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀瘀攀 愀渀搀 渀攀最愀琀椀瘀攀 搀攀瘀椀愀琀椀漀渀猀 昀爀漀洀 刀愀漀甀氀琀✀猀 氀愀眀 眀椀琀栀 猀甀椀琀愀戀氀攀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀⸀∀Ⰰ "Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C6H6) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) if 22 g of benzene is dissolved in 122 g of carbon tetrachloride."਀                崀Ⰰ caseStudy: [਀                    笀 context: "A solution containing 30 g of non-volatile solute exactly in 90 g of water has a vapor pressure of 2.8 kPa at 298 K. Further, 18 g of water is then added to the solution and the new vapor pressure becomes 2.9 kPa at 298 K.",਀                        焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀 "Calculate the molar mass of the solute.",਀                            ∀䌀愀氀挀甀氀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 瘀愀瀀漀爀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀 漀昀 眀愀琀攀爀 愀琀 ㈀㤀㠀 䬀⸀∀ ]਀                    紀 ]਀            紀Ⰰ "Chapter 3": { ਀                洀挀焀㨀 嬀 { question: "The standard electrode potential of standard hydrogen electrode is:", options: ["0.00 V", "1.00 V", "2.00 V", "-1.00 V"], answer: "0.00 V" },਀                    笀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀圀栀椀挀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 椀猀 愀 猀攀挀漀渀搀愀爀礀 挀攀氀氀㼀∀Ⰰ 漀瀀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀∀䰀攀挀氀愀渀挀栀攀 挀攀氀氀∀Ⰰ ∀䰀攀愀搀 猀琀漀爀愀最攀 戀愀琀琀攀爀礀∀Ⰰ ∀䴀攀爀挀甀爀礀 挀攀氀氀∀Ⰰ ∀䐀爀礀 挀攀氀氀∀崀Ⰰ 愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䰀攀愀搀 猀琀漀爀愀最攀 戀愀琀琀攀爀礀∀ 紀Ⰰ { question: "The unit of specific conductance is:", options: ["ohm cm", "ohm⁻¹ cm⁻¹", "ohm cm⁻¹", "ohm⁻¹ cm"], answer: "ohm⁻¹ cm⁻¹" }਀                崀Ⰰ assertionReason: [਀                    笀  assertion: "Copper can displace silver from silver nitrate solution.", ਀                        爀攀愀猀漀渀㨀 ∀䌀漀瀀瀀攀爀 椀猀 洀漀爀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀瘀攀 琀栀愀渀 猀椀氀瘀攀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 猀攀爀椀攀猀⸀∀Ⰰ answer: "Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A."਀                    紀Ⰰ { ਀                        愀猀猀攀爀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀吀栀攀 挀漀渀搀甀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 漀昀 愀渀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀氀礀琀攀 搀攀挀爀攀愀猀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀 椀渀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀⸀∀Ⰰ  reason: "Increased temperature causes increased dissociation of electrolyte.",਀                        愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䄀 椀猀 昀愀氀猀攀 戀甀琀 刀 椀猀 琀爀甀攀⸀∀ }਀                崀Ⰰ veryShort: [਀                    ∀䐀攀昀椀渀攀 琀栀攀 琀攀爀洀 ✀氀椀洀椀琀椀渀最 洀漀氀愀爀 挀漀渀搀甀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀✀⸀∀Ⰰ "What is the Nernst equation?"਀                崀Ⰰ short: [਀                    ∀䔀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 漀昀 愀 猀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀 栀礀搀爀漀最攀渀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀搀攀 眀椀琀栀 愀 渀攀愀琀 搀椀愀最爀愀洀⸀∀Ⰰ "Differentiate between electrolytic and metallic conduction."਀                崀Ⰰ long: [਀                    ∀䐀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 漀昀 愀 氀攀愀搀 猀琀漀爀愀最攀 戀愀琀琀攀爀礀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 栀攀氀瀀 漀昀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀⸀∀Ⰰ "The conductivity of 0.20 M solution of KCl at 298 K is 0.0248 S cm⁻¹. Calculate its molar conductivity."਀                崀Ⰰ caseStudy: [਀                    笀 context: "A student set up an electrolytic cell using nickel electrodes and nickel sulfate solution. When electric current was passed through the cell, nickel was deposited on the cathode. The student measured the amount of nickel deposited and calculated the quantity of electricity passed.",਀                        焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀 "Write the reactions occurring at the anode and cathode.",਀                            ∀䤀昀 ㈀⸀㤀㐀 最 漀昀 渀椀挀欀攀氀 眀愀猀 搀攀瀀漀猀椀琀攀搀Ⰰ 挀愀氀挀甀氀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 焀甀愀渀琀椀琀礀 漀昀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀椀琀礀 瀀愀猀猀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 挀攀氀氀 ⠀䄀琀漀洀椀挀 洀愀猀猀 漀昀 一椀 㴀 㔀㠀⸀㜀⤀⸀∀ ]਀                    紀 ]਀            紀Ⰰ "Chapter 4": { ਀                洀挀焀㨀 嬀 { question: "The unit of rate constant for a zero order reaction is:", options: ["mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹", "s⁻¹", "L mol⁻¹ s⁻¹", "L² mol⁻² s⁻¹"], answer: "mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹" },਀                    笀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀吀栀攀 栀愀氀昀ⴀ氀椀昀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 漀昀 愀 昀椀爀猀琀 漀爀搀攀爀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 椀猀㨀∀Ⰰ 漀瀀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀∀䤀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀琀 漀昀 椀渀椀琀椀愀氀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀∀Ⰰ ∀䐀椀爀攀挀琀氀礀 瀀爀漀瀀漀爀琀椀漀渀愀氀 琀漀 椀渀椀琀椀愀氀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀∀Ⰰ ∀䤀渀瘀攀爀猀攀氀礀 瀀爀漀瀀漀爀琀椀漀渀愀氀 琀漀 椀渀椀琀椀愀氀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀∀Ⰰ ∀䐀椀爀攀挀琀氀礀 瀀爀漀瀀漀爀琀椀漀渀愀氀 琀漀 猀焀甀愀爀攀 漀昀 椀渀椀琀椀愀氀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀∀崀Ⰰ 愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䤀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀琀 漀昀 椀渀椀琀椀愀氀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀∀ 紀Ⰰ { question: "The activation energy of a reaction can be determined from the slope of:", options: ["ln k vs T", "ln k vs 1/T", "k vs T", "k vs 1/T"], answer: "ln k vs 1/T" }਀                崀Ⰰ assertionReason: [਀                    笀  assertion: "The rate of reaction doubles for every 10°C rise in temperature.", ਀                        爀攀愀猀漀渀㨀 ∀吀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 攀渀攀爀最礀 搀攀挀爀攀愀猀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀 椀渀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀⸀∀Ⰰ answer: "A is true but R is false."਀                    紀Ⰰ { ਀                        愀猀猀攀爀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀䄀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀琀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀猀 琀栀攀 爀愀琀攀 漀昀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀∀Ⰰ  reason: "A catalyst provides an alternative pathway with lower activation energy.",਀                        愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䈀漀琀栀 䄀 愀渀搀 刀 愀爀攀 琀爀甀攀 愀渀搀 刀 椀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀⸀∀ }਀                崀Ⰰ veryShort: [਀                    ∀䐀攀昀椀渀攀 琀栀攀 琀攀爀洀 ✀漀爀搀攀爀 漀昀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀✀⸀∀Ⰰ "What is the effect of catalyst on activation energy?"਀                崀Ⰰ short: [਀                    ∀䐀攀爀椀瘀攀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀最爀愀琀攀搀 爀愀琀攀 攀焀甀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 愀 昀椀爀猀琀 漀爀搀攀爀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀∀Ⰰ "Explain the collision theory of reaction rates."਀                崀Ⰰ long: [਀                    ∀圀栀愀琀 椀猀 䄀爀爀栀攀渀椀甀猀 攀焀甀愀琀椀漀渀㼀 䐀攀爀椀瘀攀 琀栀攀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 爀愀琀攀 挀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀⸀∀Ⰰ "A first order reaction takes 40 minutes for 30% decomposition. Calculate its half-life period."਀                崀Ⰰ caseStudy: [਀                    笀 context: "The decomposition of NH3 on platinum surface is a zero order reaction. The rate constant for this reaction is 2.5 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹ at a certain temperature. If the initial concentration of NH3 is 0.5 M.",਀                        焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀 "Calculate the rate of reaction after 10 minutes.",਀                            ∀圀栀愀琀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 琀栀攀 栀愀氀昀ⴀ氀椀昀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀㼀∀ ]਀                    紀 ]਀            紀Ⰰ "Chapter 5": { ਀                洀挀焀㨀 嬀 { question: "Which of the following is an example of adsorption?", options: ["Water on silica gel", "Oxygen on metal surface", "Sugar solution in water", "Alcohol in water"], answer: "Oxygen on metal surface" },਀                    笀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀吀栀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 漀昀 爀攀洀漀瘀椀渀最 愀搀猀漀爀戀攀搀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀 昀爀漀洀 愀 猀甀爀昀愀挀攀 椀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀㨀∀Ⰰ 漀瀀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀∀䄀搀猀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀∀Ⰰ ∀䄀戀猀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀∀Ⰰ ∀䐀攀猀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀∀Ⰰ ∀匀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀∀崀Ⰰ 愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䐀攀猀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀∀ 紀Ⰰ { question: "Which of the following is not a lyophilic colloid?", options: ["Gum", "Gelatin", "Starch", "Gold sol"], answer: "Gold sol" }਀                崀Ⰰ assertionReason: [਀                    笀  assertion: "Physical adsorption decreases with increase in temperature.", ਀                        爀攀愀猀漀渀㨀 ∀倀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 愀搀猀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 愀渀 攀砀漀琀栀攀爀洀椀挀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀⸀∀Ⰰ answer: "Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A."਀                    紀Ⰰ { ਀                        愀猀猀攀爀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀䌀漀氀氀漀椀搀愀氀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀猀 猀栀漀眀 吀礀渀搀愀氀氀 攀昀昀攀挀琀⸀∀Ⰰ  reason: "Colloidal particles scatter light.",਀                        愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䈀漀琀栀 䄀 愀渀搀 刀 愀爀攀 琀爀甀攀 愀渀搀 刀 椀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀⸀∀ }਀                崀Ⰰ veryShort: [਀                    ∀䐀攀昀椀渀攀 琀栀攀 琀攀爀洀 ✀瀀攀瀀琀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀✀⸀∀Ⰰ "What is the role of activated charcoal in gas masks?"਀                崀Ⰰ short: [਀                    ∀䐀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀椀愀琀攀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 愀搀猀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 愀搀猀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀⸀∀Ⰰ "Explain the Hardy-Schulze rule with an example."਀                崀Ⰰ long: [਀                    ∀圀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 攀洀甀氀猀椀漀渀猀㼀 䐀椀猀挀甀猀猀 琀栀攀椀爀 琀礀瀀攀猀 愀渀搀 愀瀀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀⸀∀Ⰰ "Explain the following terms: (i) Electrophoresis (ii) Coagulation (iii) Dialysis"਀                崀Ⰰ caseStudy: [਀                    笀 context: "A student was studying the properties of colloids. He prepared a colloidal solution of ferric hydroxide by adding ferric chloride solution to boiling water. He observed that the solution showed Tyndall effect and when an electrolyte was added, the colloid coagulated.",਀                        焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀 "What is this method of preparation of colloid called?",਀                            ∀䔀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 眀栀礀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀氀漀椀搀 猀栀漀眀攀搀 吀礀渀搀愀氀氀 攀昀昀攀挀琀 愀渀搀 挀漀愀最甀氀愀琀攀搀 漀渀 愀搀搀椀渀最 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀氀礀琀攀⸀∀ ]਀                    紀 ]਀            紀Ⰰ "Chapter 6": { ਀                洀挀焀㨀 嬀 { question: "Which of the following metals is extracted by carbon reduction?", options: ["Iron", "Aluminium", "Sodium", "Magnesium"], answer: "Iron" },਀                    笀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀吀栀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 漀昀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀琀椀渀最 猀甀氀瀀栀椀搀攀 漀爀攀猀 椀渀琀漀 漀砀椀搀攀猀 戀礀 栀攀愀琀椀渀最 猀琀爀漀渀最氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 攀砀挀攀猀猀 愀椀爀 椀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀㨀∀Ⰰ 漀瀀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀∀刀漀愀猀琀椀渀最∀Ⰰ ∀䌀愀氀挀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀∀Ⰰ ∀匀洀攀氀琀椀渀最∀Ⰰ ∀䰀攀愀挀栀椀渀最∀崀Ⰰ 愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀刀漀愀猀琀椀渀最∀ 紀Ⰰ { question: "Which of the following is not an ore of aluminium?", options: ["Bauxite", "Cryolite", "Kernite", "Corundum"], answer: "Kernite" }਀                崀Ⰰ assertionReason: [਀                    笀  assertion: "Zinc can be extracted by self-reduction process.", ਀                        爀攀愀猀漀渀㨀 ∀娀椀渀挀 椀猀 氀攀猀猀 爀攀愀挀琀椀瘀攀 琀栀愀渀 栀礀搀爀漀最攀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 猀攀爀椀攀猀⸀∀Ⰰ answer: "A is false but R is true."਀                    紀Ⰰ { ਀                        愀猀猀攀爀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀䌀漀瀀瀀攀爀 洀愀琀琀攀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀 䌀甀㈀匀 愀渀搀 䘀攀匀⸀∀Ⰰ  reason: "During smelting, iron oxide is removed as iron silicate slag.",਀                        愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䈀漀琀栀 䄀 愀渀搀 刀 愀爀攀 琀爀甀攀 戀甀琀 刀 椀猀 渀漀琀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀⸀∀ }਀                崀Ⰰ veryShort: [਀                    ∀圀栀愀琀 椀猀 琀栀攀 爀漀氀攀 漀昀 挀爀礀漀氀椀琀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀砀琀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀氀甀洀椀渀椀甀洀㼀∀Ⰰ "Name the method used for refining of nickel."਀                崀Ⰰ short: [਀                    ∀䔀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 漀昀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀氀礀琀椀挀 爀攀昀椀渀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 愀渀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀⸀∀Ⰰ "Describe the extraction of zinc from zinc blende."਀                崀Ⰰ long: [਀                    ∀䐀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀 琀栀攀 攀砀琀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 挀漀瀀瀀攀爀 昀爀漀洀 挀漀瀀瀀攀爀 瀀礀爀椀琀攀猀⸀ 圀爀椀琀攀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀⸀∀Ⰰ "Explain the following terms with examples: (i) Leaching (ii) Zone refining (iii) Van Arkel method"਀                崀Ⰰ caseStudy: [਀                    笀 context: "A metallurgist was studying the extraction of silver from argentite ore (Ag2S). He first converted the ore into soluble complex by leaching with NaCN solution in presence of air. Then he recovered silver from the solution by displacement method using zinc.",਀                        焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀 "Write the chemical reactions involved in the leaching process.",਀                            ∀䔀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 眀栀礀 稀椀渀挀 挀愀渀 搀椀猀瀀氀愀挀攀 猀椀氀瘀攀爀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀⸀∀ ]਀                    紀 ]਀            紀Ⰰ "Chapter 7": { ਀                洀挀焀㨀 嬀 { question: "Which of the following is not a member of p-block elements?", options: ["Boron", "Nitrogen", "Oxygen", "Zinc"], answer: "Zinc" },਀                    笀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀吀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀攀最愀琀椀瘀攀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 椀猀㨀∀Ⰰ 漀瀀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀∀䘀氀甀漀爀椀渀攀∀Ⰰ ∀䌀栀氀漀爀椀渀攀∀Ⰰ ∀䈀爀漀洀椀渀攀∀Ⰰ ∀䤀漀搀椀渀攀∀崀Ⰰ 愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䘀氀甀漀爀椀渀攀∀ 紀Ⰰ { question: "Which of the following oxides is amphoteric?", options: ["B2O3", "CO2", "SiO2", "N2O5"], answer: "B2O3" }਀                崀Ⰰ assertionReason: [਀                    笀  assertion: "Nitrogen shows maximum covalency of 4.", ਀                        爀攀愀猀漀渀㨀 ∀一椀琀爀漀最攀渀 栀愀猀 渀漀 搀ⴀ漀爀戀椀琀愀氀猀 椀渀 椀琀猀 瘀愀氀攀渀挀攀 猀栀攀氀氀⸀∀Ⰰ answer: "Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A."਀                    紀Ⰰ { ਀                        愀猀猀攀爀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀䠀㌀倀伀㌀ 椀猀 愀 搀椀戀愀猀椀挀 愀挀椀搀⸀∀Ⰰ  reason: "H3PO3 has two P-OH bonds.",਀                        愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䈀漀琀栀 䄀 愀渀搀 刀 愀爀攀 琀爀甀攀 愀渀搀 刀 椀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀⸀∀ }਀                崀Ⰰ veryShort: [਀                    ∀圀栀礀 搀漀攀猀 一䠀㌀ 昀漀爀洀 栀礀搀爀漀最攀渀 戀漀渀搀 戀甀琀 倀䠀㌀ 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀㼀∀Ⰰ "What is the hybridisation of Xe in XeF2?"਀                崀Ⰰ short: [਀                    ∀䔀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 堀攀䘀㐀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 栀攀氀瀀 漀昀 嘀匀䔀倀刀 琀栀攀漀爀礀⸀∀Ⰰ "Discuss the anomalous behavior of nitrogen in group 15."਀                崀Ⰰ long: [਀                    ∀䐀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 甀猀攀猀 漀昀 猀甀氀瀀栀甀爀椀挀 愀挀椀搀⸀∀Ⰰ "Explain the following: (i) Inert pair effect (ii) Allotropy in phosphorus"਀                崀Ⰰ caseStudy: [਀                    笀 context: "A student was studying the properties of halogens. He observed that fluorine is the most reactive element in the group. He also noted that iodine has some metallic luster and is a solid at room temperature while other halogens are gases or liquids.",਀                        焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀 "Explain why fluorine is the most reactive halogen.",਀                            ∀䄀挀挀漀甀渀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 猀琀愀琀攀 愀渀搀 洀攀琀愀氀氀椀挀 氀甀猀琀攀爀 漀昀 椀漀搀椀渀攀⸀∀ ]਀                    紀 ]਀            紀Ⰰ "Chapter 8": { ਀                洀挀焀㨀 嬀 { question: "Which of the following is not a transition element?", options: ["Copper", "Silver", "Zinc", "Nickel"], answer: "Zinc" },਀                    笀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀吀栀攀 洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 洀漀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 愀 琀爀愀渀猀椀琀椀漀渀 洀攀琀愀氀 椀漀渀 椀猀 ㌀⸀㠀㜀 䈀䴀⸀ 吀栀攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 甀渀瀀愀椀爀攀搀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀猀 椀猀㨀∀Ⰰ 漀瀀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀∀㄀∀Ⰰ ∀㈀∀Ⰰ ∀㌀∀Ⰰ ∀㐀∀崀Ⰰ 愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀㌀∀ 紀Ⰰ { question: "Which of the following lanthanoids shows +4 oxidation state?", options: ["Ce", "Pr", "Nd", "Pm"], answer: "Ce" }਀                崀Ⰰ assertionReason: [਀                    笀  assertion: "Transition metals form colored compounds.", ਀                        爀攀愀猀漀渀㨀 ∀吀爀愀渀猀椀琀椀漀渀 洀攀琀愀氀猀 栀愀瘀攀 瀀愀爀琀椀愀氀氀礀 昀椀氀氀攀搀 搀ⴀ漀爀戀椀琀愀氀猀⸀∀Ⰰ answer: "Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A."਀                    紀Ⰰ { ਀                        愀猀猀攀爀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀䄀挀琀椀渀漀椀搀猀 猀栀漀眀 最爀攀愀琀攀爀 爀愀渀最攀 漀昀 漀砀椀搀愀琀椀漀渀 猀琀愀琀攀猀 琀栀愀渀 氀愀渀琀栀愀渀漀椀搀猀⸀∀Ⰰ  reason: "5f, 6d and 7s levels are of comparable energies in actinoids.",਀                        愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䈀漀琀栀 䄀 愀渀搀 刀 愀爀攀 琀爀甀攀 愀渀搀 刀 椀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀⸀∀ }਀                崀Ⰰ veryShort: [਀                    ∀圀栀愀琀 椀猀 氀愀渀琀栀愀渀漀椀搀 挀漀渀琀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀㼀∀Ⰰ "Why is Cu+ diamagnetic while Cu2+ is paramagnetic?"਀                崀Ⰰ short: [਀                    ∀䔀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 眀栀礀 琀爀愀渀猀椀琀椀漀渀 洀攀琀愀氀猀 攀砀栀椀戀椀琀 瘀愀爀椀愀戀氀攀 漀砀椀搀愀琀椀漀渀 猀琀愀琀攀猀⸀∀Ⰰ "Discuss the catalytic properties of transition metals with examples."਀                崀Ⰰ long: [਀                    ∀䐀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 甀猀攀猀 漀昀 瀀漀琀愀猀猀椀甀洀 搀椀挀栀爀漀洀愀琀攀⸀∀Ⰰ "Explain the following: (i) Interstitial compounds (ii) Alloy formation in transition metals"਀                崀Ⰰ caseStudy: [਀                    笀 context: "A chemist was studying the properties of KMnO4. He observed that in acidic medium, KMnO4 oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+ and itself gets reduced to Mn2+. In neutral or weakly alkaline medium, it oxidizes I⁻ to IO3⁻ and gets reduced to MnO2.",਀                        焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀 "Write the balanced equations for these reactions.",਀                            ∀䌀愀氀挀甀氀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀椀瘀愀氀攀渀琀 眀攀椀最栀琀 漀昀 䬀䴀渀伀㐀 椀渀 愀挀椀搀椀挀 洀攀搀椀甀洀⸀∀ ]਀                    紀 ]਀            紀Ⰰ "Chapter 9": { ਀                洀挀焀㨀 嬀 { question: "The IUPAC name of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 is:", options: ["Pentaamminechloridocobalt(III) chloride", "Pentaamminechloridocobalt(II) chloride", "Pentachloridoamminecobalt(III) chloride", "Pentachloridoamminecobalt(II) chloride"], answer: "Pentaamminechloridocobalt(III) chloride" },਀                    笀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀圀栀椀挀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 椀猀 愀 挀栀攀氀愀琀椀渀最 氀椀最愀渀搀㼀∀Ⰰ 漀瀀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀∀一䠀㌀∀Ⰰ ∀䌀氀笀∠Ⰰ ∀攀渀∀Ⰰ ∀䠀㈀伀∀崀Ⰰ 愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀攀渀∀ 紀Ⰰ { question: "The geometry of [Ni(CN)4]²⁻ is:", options: ["Tetrahedral", "Square planar", "Octahedral", "Linear"], answer: "Square planar" }਀                崀Ⰰ assertionReason: [਀                    笀  assertion: "[Fe(CN)6]³⁻ is paramagnetic while [Fe(CN)6]⁴⁻ is diamagnetic.", ਀                        爀攀愀猀漀渀㨀 ∀䤀渀 嬀䘀攀⠀䌀一⤀㘀崀대笀Ⱐ 䘀攀 椀猀 椀渀 ⬀㌀ 漀砀椀搀愀琀椀漀渀 猀琀愀琀攀 眀椀琀栀 甀渀瀀愀椀爀攀搀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀猀⸀∀Ⰰ answer: "Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A."਀                    紀Ⰰ { ਀                        愀猀猀攀爀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀䌀漀漀爀搀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀 猀栀漀眀 椀猀漀洀攀爀椀猀洀⸀∀Ⰰ  reason: "Different arrangements of ligands around central metal ion are possible.",਀                        愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䈀漀琀栀 䄀 愀渀搀 刀 愀爀攀 琀爀甀攀 愀渀搀 刀 椀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀⸀∀ }਀                崀Ⰰ veryShort: [਀                    ∀䐀攀昀椀渀攀 琀栀攀 琀攀爀洀 ✀挀漀漀爀搀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 渀甀洀戀攀爀✀⸀∀Ⰰ "What is the oxidation state of cobalt in [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2?"਀                崀Ⰰ short: [਀                    ∀䔀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 圀攀爀渀攀爀✀猀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 漀昀 挀漀漀爀搀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀⸀∀Ⰰ "Differentiate between double salt and coordination compound with examples."਀                崀Ⰰ long: [਀                    ∀䐀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀 琀栀攀 瘀愀氀攀渀挀攀 戀漀渀搀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 漀昀 挀漀漀爀搀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀 眀椀琀栀 猀甀椀琀愀戀氀攀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀⸀∀Ⰰ "Explain the following types of isomerism in coordination compounds: (i) Geometrical (ii) Optical"਀                崀Ⰰ caseStudy: [਀                    笀 context: "A student was studying the magnetic properties of coordination compounds. He observed that [NiCl4]²⁻ is paramagnetic while [Ni(CN)4]²⁻ is diamagnetic. Both have nickel in +2 oxidation state.",਀                        焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀 "Explain the difference in magnetic behavior of these complexes.",਀                            ∀圀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 最攀漀洀攀琀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀攀猀㼀∀ ]਀                    紀 ]਀            紀Ⰰ "Chapter 10": { ਀                洀挀焀㨀 嬀 { question: "Which of the following is a primary halide?", options: ["Isopropyl chloride", "Isobutyl chloride", "Neopentyl chloride", "tert-Butyl chloride"], answer: "Neopentyl chloride" },਀                    笀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀吀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 昀漀爀洀攀搀 眀栀攀渀 挀栀氀漀爀漀戀攀渀稀攀渀攀 椀猀 琀爀攀愀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 䌀氀㈀ 椀渀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 䘀攀䌀氀㌀ 椀猀㨀∀Ⰰ 漀瀀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀∀䈀攀渀稀礀氀 挀栀氀漀爀椀搀攀∀Ⰰ ∀漀ⴀ䐀椀挀栀氀漀爀漀戀攀渀稀攀渀攀∀Ⰰ ∀瀀ⴀ䐀椀挀栀氀漀爀漀戀攀渀稀攀渀攀∀Ⰰ ∀䈀漀琀栀 漀ⴀ 愀渀搀 瀀ⴀ搀椀挀栀氀漀爀漀戀攀渀稀攀渀攀∀崀Ⰰ 愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䈀漀琀栀 漀ⴀ 愀渀搀 瀀ⴀ搀椀挀栀氀漀爀漀戀攀渀稀攀渀攀∀ 紀Ⰰ { question: "Which of the following is most reactive towards nucleophilic substitution?", options: ["CH3CH2Cl", "CH2=CHCl", "C6H5Cl", "CH3CH2Br"], answer: "CH3CH2Br" }਀                崀Ⰰ assertionReason: [਀                    笀  assertion: "Vinyl chloride is less reactive than ethyl chloride towards nucleophilic substitution.", ਀                        爀攀愀猀漀渀㨀 ∀䤀渀 瘀椀渀礀氀 挀栀氀漀爀椀搀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䌀ⴀ䌀氀 戀漀渀搀 愀挀焀甀椀爀攀猀 瀀愀爀琀椀愀氀 搀漀甀戀氀攀 戀漀渀搀 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀 搀甀攀 琀漀 爀攀猀漀渀愀渀挀攀⸀∀Ⰰ answer: "Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A."਀                    紀Ⰰ { ਀                        愀猀猀攀爀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀䄀爀礀氀 栀愀氀椀搀攀猀 甀渀搀攀爀最漀 渀甀挀氀攀漀瀀栀椀氀椀挀 猀甀戀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀礀⸀∀Ⰰ  reason: "In aryl halides, the C-X bond is shorter and stronger.",਀                        愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䈀漀琀栀 䄀 愀渀搀 刀 愀爀攀 琀爀甀攀 戀甀琀 刀 椀猀 渀漀琀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀⸀∀ }਀                崀Ⰰ veryShort: [਀                    ∀圀栀愀琀 椀猀 䘀椀渀欀攀氀猀琀攀椀渀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀㼀∀Ⰰ "Why is chloroform stored in dark brown bottles?"਀                崀Ⰰ short: [਀                    ∀䔀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 琀栀攀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀猀洀 漀昀 匀一㄀ 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 愀渀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀⸀∀Ⰰ "Discuss the stereochemical aspects of SN2 reaction."਀                崀Ⰰ long: [਀                    ∀䠀漀眀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 挀漀渀瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀猀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 漀甀琀㼀 ⠀椀⤀ 䔀琀栀愀渀漀氀 琀漀 挀栀氀漀爀漀攀琀栀愀渀攀 ⠀椀椀⤀ 䈀攀渀稀攀渀攀 琀漀 挀栀氀漀爀漀戀攀渀稀攀渀攀 ⠀椀椀椀⤀ 倀爀漀瀀攀渀攀 琀漀 ㄀ⴀ挀栀氀漀爀漀瀀爀漀瀀愀渀攀∀Ⰰ "Explain the following with suitable examples: (i) Wurtz reaction (ii) Fittig reaction (iii) Friedel-Crafts reaction"਀                崀Ⰰ caseStudy: [਀                    笀 context: "A student was studying the reactions of alkyl halides. He treated 2-bromobutane with alcoholic KOH and obtained two isomeric alkenes. When the same compound was treated with aqueous KOH, he got a mixture of two isomeric alcohols.",਀                        焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀 "Identify the products formed in both reactions and write the mechanisms.",਀                            ∀䔀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 眀栀礀 琀眀漀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀猀 愀爀攀 昀漀爀洀攀搀 椀渀 攀愀挀栀 挀愀猀攀⸀∀ ]਀                    紀 ]਀            紀Ⰰ "Chapter 11": { ਀                洀挀焀㨀 嬀 { question: "Which of the following is most acidic?", options: ["Phenol", "Ethanol", "Water", "m-Chlorophenol"], answer: "m-Chlorophenol" },਀                    笀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀吀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 昀漀爀洀攀搀 眀栀攀渀 瀀栀攀渀漀氀 椀猀 琀爀攀愀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 戀爀漀洀椀渀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 椀猀㨀∀Ⰰ 漀瀀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀∀漀ⴀ䈀爀漀洀漀瀀栀攀渀漀氀∀Ⰰ ∀瀀ⴀ䈀爀漀洀漀瀀栀攀渀漀氀∀Ⰰ ∀㈀Ⰰ㐀ⴀ䐀椀戀爀漀洀漀瀀栀攀渀漀氀∀Ⰰ ∀㈀Ⰰ㐀Ⰰ㘀ⴀ吀爀椀戀爀漀洀漀瀀栀攀渀漀氀∀崀Ⰰ 愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀㈀Ⰰ㐀Ⰰ㘀ⴀ吀爀椀戀爀漀洀漀瀀栀攀渀漀氀∀ 紀Ⰰ { question: "Williamson's synthesis is used to prepare:", options: ["Alcohols", "Phenols", "Ethers", "Aldehydes"], answer: "Ethers" }਀                崀Ⰰ assertionReason: [਀                    笀  assertion: "Phenol is more acidic than ethanol.", ਀                        爀攀愀猀漀渀㨀 ∀倀栀攀渀漀砀椀搀攀 椀漀渀 椀猀 猀琀愀戀椀氀椀稀攀搀 戀礀 爀攀猀漀渀愀渀挀攀 眀栀椀氀攀 攀琀栀漀砀椀搀攀 椀漀渀 椀猀 渀漀琀⸀∀Ⰰ answer: "Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A."਀                    紀Ⰰ { ਀                        愀猀猀攀爀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀䔀琀栀攀爀猀 栀愀瘀攀 氀漀眀攀爀 戀漀椀氀椀渀最 瀀漀椀渀琀猀 琀栀愀渀 椀猀漀洀攀爀椀挀 愀氀挀漀栀漀氀猀⸀∀Ⰰ  reason: "Ethers cannot form hydrogen bonds with themselves.",਀                        愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䈀漀琀栀 䄀 愀渀搀 刀 愀爀攀 琀爀甀攀 愀渀搀 刀 椀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀⸀∀ }਀                崀Ⰰ veryShort: [਀                    ∀圀栀愀琀 栀愀瀀瀀攀渀猀 眀栀攀渀 瀀栀攀渀漀氀 椀猀 琀爀攀愀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 渀攀甀琀爀愀氀 䘀攀䌀氀㌀㼀∀Ⰰ "Why is the C-O-H bond angle in alcohols slightly less than the tetrahedral angle?"਀                崀Ⰰ short: [਀                    ∀䔀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 琀栀攀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀猀洀 漀昀 搀攀栀礀搀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 攀琀栀愀渀漀氀 琀漀 攀琀栀攀渀攀⸀∀Ⰰ "Discuss the acidic nature of phenols compared to alcohols."਀                崀Ⰰ long: [਀                    ∀䠀漀眀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 挀漀渀瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀猀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 漀甀琀㼀 ⠀椀⤀ 倀爀漀瀀攀渀攀 琀漀 椀猀漀瀀爀漀瀀礀氀 愀氀挀漀栀漀氀 ⠀椀椀⤀ 䈀攀渀稀攀渀攀 琀漀 瀀栀攀渀漀氀 ⠀椀椀椀⤀ 䔀琀栀愀渀漀氀 琀漀 搀椀攀琀栀礀氀 攀琀栀攀爀∀Ⰰ "Explain the following with suitable examples: (i) Kolbe's reaction (ii) Reimer-Tiemann reaction (iii) Williamson synthesis"਀                崀Ⰰ caseStudy: [਀                    笀 context: "A student was studying the reactions of alcohols. He treated 1-propanol and 2-propanol with Lucas reagent (conc. HCl + anhydrous ZnCl2) and observed that 2-propanol reacted immediately while 1-propanol did not react at room temperature.",਀                        焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀 "Explain the difference in reactivity of these alcohols.",਀                            ∀圀栀愀琀 椀猀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 昀漀爀洀攀搀 椀渀 攀愀挀栀 挀愀猀攀㼀∀ ]਀                    紀 ]਀            紀Ⰰ "Chapter 12": { ਀                洀挀焀㨀 嬀 { question: "Which of the following does not give iodoform test?", options: ["Ethanol", "Propanone", "Benzaldehyde", "2-Propanol"], answer: "Benzaldehyde" },਀                    笀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀吀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 昀漀爀洀攀搀 眀栀攀渀 愀挀攀琀愀氀搀攀栀礀搀攀 爀攀愀挀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 搀椀氀甀琀攀 一愀伀䠀 椀猀㨀∀Ⰰ 漀瀀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀∀䄀挀攀琀漀渀攀∀Ⰰ ∀䈀甀琀愀渀漀氀∀Ⰰ ∀䄀氀搀漀氀∀Ⰰ ∀䌀爀漀琀漀渀愀氀搀攀栀礀搀攀∀崀Ⰰ 愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䄀氀搀漀氀∀ 紀Ⰰ { question: "Which of the following is most reactive towards nucleophilic addition?", options: ["Formaldehyde", "Acetaldehyde", "Acetone", "Benzophenone"], answer: "Formaldehyde" }਀                崀Ⰰ assertionReason: [਀                    笀  assertion: "Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones towards nucleophilic addition.", ਀                        爀攀愀猀漀渀㨀 ∀䄀氀搀攀栀礀搀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 氀攀猀猀 猀琀攀爀椀挀 栀椀渀搀爀愀渀挀攀 愀渀搀 洀漀爀攀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀瘀攀 挀愀爀戀漀渀礀氀 挀愀爀戀漀渀⸀∀Ⰰ answer: "Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A."਀                    紀Ⰰ { ਀                        愀猀猀攀爀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀䌀愀爀戀漀砀礀氀椀挀 愀挀椀搀猀 栀愀瘀攀 栀椀最栀攀爀 戀漀椀氀椀渀最 瀀漀椀渀琀猀 琀栀愀渀 愀氀挀漀栀漀氀猀 漀昀 挀漀洀瀀愀爀愀戀氀攀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 眀攀椀最栀琀⸀∀Ⰰ  reason: "Carboxylic acids form stronger hydrogen bonds than alcohols.",਀                        愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䈀漀琀栀 䄀 愀渀搀 刀 愀爀攀 琀爀甀攀 愀渀搀 刀 椀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀⸀∀ }਀                崀Ⰰ veryShort: [਀                    ∀圀栀愀琀 椀猀 吀漀氀氀攀渀✀猀 爀攀愀最攀渀琀㼀∀Ⰰ "Why does formic acid give a positive test with Tollen's reagent?"਀                崀Ⰰ short: [਀                    ∀䔀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 琀栀攀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀猀洀 漀昀 渀甀挀氀攀漀瀀栀椀氀椀挀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 愀氀搀攀栀礀搀攀猀 愀渀搀 欀攀琀漀渀攀猀⸀∀Ⰰ "Discuss the acidic nature of carboxylic acids and the effect of substituents on their acidity."਀                崀Ⰰ long: [਀                    ∀䠀漀眀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 挀漀渀瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀猀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 漀甀琀㼀 ⠀椀⤀ 䔀琀栀愀渀漀氀 琀漀 攀琀栀愀渀漀椀挀 愀挀椀搀 ⠀椀椀⤀ 䈀攀渀稀愀氀搀攀栀礀搀攀 琀漀 戀攀渀稀漀椀挀 愀挀椀搀 ⠀椀椀椀⤀ 䄀挀攀琀漀渀攀 琀漀 琀攀爀琀ⴀ戀甀琀礀氀 愀氀挀漀栀漀氀∀Ⰰ "Explain the following with suitable examples: (i) Cannizzaro reaction (ii) Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction (iii) HVZ reaction"਀                崀Ⰰ caseStudy: [਀                    笀 context: "A student was studying the reactions of carbonyl compounds. He treated benzaldehyde with 50% NaOH solution and obtained benzyl alcohol and sodium benzoate. When he treated acetaldehyde with the same reagent, he got only aldol condensation products.",਀                        焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀 "Identify the reactions occurring in both cases and explain the difference.",਀                            ∀圀爀椀琀攀 琀栀攀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀猀洀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀⸀∀ ]਀                    紀 ]਀            紀Ⰰ "Chapter 13": { ਀                洀挀焀㨀 嬀 { question: "Which of the following is a secondary amine?", options: ["Methylamine", "Dimethylamine", "Trimethylamine", "Aniline"], answer: "Dimethylamine" },਀                    笀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀吀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 昀漀爀洀攀搀 眀栀攀渀 愀渀椀氀椀渀攀 爀攀愀挀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 戀爀漀洀椀渀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 椀猀㨀∀Ⰰ 漀瀀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀∀漀ⴀ䈀爀漀洀漀愀渀椀氀椀渀攀∀Ⰰ ∀瀀ⴀ䈀爀漀洀漀愀渀椀氀椀渀攀∀Ⰰ ∀㈀Ⰰ㐀ⴀ䐀椀戀爀漀洀漀愀渀椀氀椀渀攀∀Ⰰ ∀㈀Ⰰ㐀Ⰰ㘀ⴀ吀爀椀戀爀漀洀漀愀渀椀氀椀渀攀∀崀Ⰰ 愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀㈀Ⰰ㐀Ⰰ㘀ⴀ吀爀椀戀爀漀洀漀愀渀椀氀椀渀攀∀ 紀Ⰰ { question: "Which of the following is most basic?", options: ["Ammonia", "Methylamine", "Aniline", "Acetanilide"], answer: "Methylamine" }਀                崀Ⰰ assertionReason: [਀                    笀  assertion: "Aliphatic amines are stronger bases than aromatic amines.", ਀                        爀攀愀猀漀渀㨀 ∀䤀渀 愀爀漀洀愀琀椀挀 愀洀椀渀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 氀漀渀攀 瀀愀椀爀 漀渀 渀椀琀爀漀最攀渀 椀猀 搀攀氀漀挀愀氀椀稀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 戀攀渀稀攀渀攀 爀椀渀最⸀∀Ⰰ answer: "Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A."਀                    紀Ⰰ { ਀                        愀猀猀攀爀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀䐀椀愀稀漀渀椀甀洀 猀愀氀琀猀 愀爀攀 栀椀最栀氀礀 爀攀愀挀琀椀瘀攀⸀∀Ⰰ  reason: "They contain N2+ group which is a very good leaving group.",਀                        愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䈀漀琀栀 䄀 愀渀搀 刀 愀爀攀 琀爀甀攀 愀渀搀 刀 椀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀⸀∀ }਀                崀Ⰰ veryShort: [਀                    ∀圀栀愀琀 椀猀 䠀椀渀猀戀攀爀最✀猀 爀攀愀最攀渀琀㼀∀Ⰰ "Why is aniline weaker base than methylamine?"਀                崀Ⰰ short: [਀                    ∀䔀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 琀栀攀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀猀洀 漀昀 搀椀愀稀漀琀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀∀Ⰰ "Discuss the basic character of amines in gaseous and aqueous phases."਀                崀Ⰰ long: [਀                    ∀䠀漀眀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 挀漀渀瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀猀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 漀甀琀㼀 ⠀椀⤀ 一椀琀爀漀戀攀渀稀攀渀攀 琀漀 愀渀椀氀椀渀攀 ⠀椀椀⤀ 䄀渀椀氀椀渀攀 琀漀 椀漀搀漀戀攀渀稀攀渀攀 ⠀椀椀椀⤀ 䈀攀渀稀愀洀椀搀攀 琀漀 愀渀椀氀椀渀攀∀Ⰰ "Explain the following with suitable examples: (i) Carbylamine reaction (ii) Coupling reaction (iii) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis"਀                崀Ⰰ caseStudy: [਀                    笀 context: "A student was studying the reactions of amines. He treated a primary amine with chloroform and alcoholic KOH and obtained a foul smelling compound. When he treated the same amine with nitrous acid at low temperature, he got a diazonium salt which on warming with water gave phenol.",਀                        焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀 "Identify the reactions occurring in both cases.",਀                            ∀圀爀椀琀攀 琀栀攀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 攀焀甀愀琀椀漀渀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀猀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀⸀∀ ]਀                    紀 ]਀            紀Ⰰ "Chapter 14": { ਀                洀挀焀㨀 嬀 { question: "Which of the following is not a reducing sugar?", options: ["Glucose", "Fructose", "Sucrose", "Maltose"], answer: "Sucrose" },਀                    笀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀吀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 昀漀爀洀攀搀 眀栀攀渀 最氀甀挀漀猀攀 爀攀愀挀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 栀礀搀爀漀砀礀氀愀洀椀渀攀 椀猀㨀∀Ⰰ 漀瀀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀∀伀砀椀洀攀∀Ⰰ ∀䠀礀搀爀愀稀漀渀攀∀Ⰰ ∀伀猀愀稀漀渀攀∀Ⰰ ∀䌀礀愀渀漀栀礀搀爀椀渀∀崀Ⰰ 愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀伀砀椀洀攀∀ 紀Ⰰ { question: "Which of the following is a basic amino acid?", options: ["Glycine", "Alanine", "Lysine", "Glutamic acid"], answer: "Lysine" }਀                崀Ⰰ assertionReason: [਀                    笀  assertion: "Glucose gives a positive test with Tollen's reagent.", ਀                        爀攀愀猀漀渀㨀 ∀䜀氀甀挀漀猀攀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀 愀渀 愀氀搀攀栀礀搀攀 最爀漀甀瀀⸀∀Ⰰ answer: "Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A."਀                    紀Ⰰ { ਀                        愀猀猀攀爀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀匀甀挀爀漀猀攀 椀猀 愀 渀漀渀ⴀ爀攀搀甀挀椀渀最 猀甀最愀爀⸀∀Ⰰ  reason: "In sucrose, the glycosidic linkage involves both anomeric carbons.",਀                        愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䈀漀琀栀 䄀 愀渀搀 刀 愀爀攀 琀爀甀攀 愀渀搀 刀 椀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀⸀∀ }਀                崀Ⰰ veryShort: [਀                    ∀圀栀愀琀 椀猀 琀栀攀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 最氀漀戀甀氀愀爀 愀渀搀 昀椀戀爀漀甀猀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀猀㼀∀Ⰰ "Why does glucose give a positive test with Fehling's solution?"਀                崀Ⰰ short: [਀                    ∀䔀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 最氀甀挀漀猀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 栀攀氀瀀 漀昀 䘀椀猀挀栀攀爀 瀀爀漀樀攀挀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀洀甀氀愀⸀∀Ⰰ "Discuss the zwitterionic nature of amino acids."਀                崀Ⰰ long: [਀                    ∀䐀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 渀甀挀氀攀椀挀 愀挀椀搀猀⸀∀Ⰰ "Explain the following with suitable examples: (i) Denaturation of proteins (ii) Anomers (iii) Essential amino acids"਀                崀Ⰰ caseStudy: [਀                    笀 context: "A student was studying the properties of carbohydrates. He observed that glucose and fructose give the same osazone. When he treated glucose with dilute nitric acid, he got a dicarboxylic acid. Fructose under similar conditions gave a mixture of products.",਀                        焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀 "Explain why glucose and fructose form the same osazone.",਀                            ∀圀爀椀琀攀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 最氀甀挀漀猀攀 愀渀搀 昀爀甀挀琀漀猀攀 眀椀琀栀 渀椀琀爀椀挀 愀挀椀搀⸀∀ ]਀                    紀 ]਀            紀Ⰰ "Chapter 15": { ਀                洀挀焀㨀 嬀 { question: "Which of the following is a natural polymer?", options: ["Polythene", "PVC", "Rubber", "Teflon"], answer: "Rubber" },਀                    笀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀吀栀攀 洀漀渀漀洀攀爀 漀昀 渀礀氀漀渀ⴀ㘀 椀猀㨀∀Ⰰ 漀瀀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀∀䄀搀椀瀀椀挀 愀挀椀搀∀Ⰰ ∀䠀攀砀愀洀攀琀栀礀氀攀渀攀 搀椀愀洀椀渀攀∀Ⰰ ∀䌀愀瀀爀漀氀愀挀琀愀洀∀Ⰰ ∀吀攀爀攀瀀栀琀栀愀氀椀挀 愀挀椀搀∀崀Ⰰ 愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䌀愀瀀爀漀氀愀挀琀愀洀∀ 紀Ⰰ { question: "Which of the following is a thermoplastic?", options: ["Bakelite", "Melamine", "Polystyrene", "Urea-formaldehyde resin"], answer: "Polystyrene" }਀                崀Ⰰ assertionReason: [਀                    笀  assertion: "Natural rubber needs to be vulcanized.", ਀                        爀攀愀猀漀渀㨀 ∀嘀甀氀挀愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 椀洀瀀爀漀瘀攀猀 琀栀攀 攀氀愀猀琀椀挀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 搀甀爀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 爀甀戀戀攀爀⸀∀Ⰰ answer: "Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A."਀                    紀Ⰰ { ਀                        愀猀猀攀爀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀吀栀攀爀洀漀猀攀琀琀椀渀最 瀀氀愀猀琀椀挀猀 挀愀渀渀漀琀 戀攀 爀攀洀漀甀氀搀攀搀⸀∀Ⰰ  reason: "Thermosetting plastics have cross-linked structure.",਀                        愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䈀漀琀栀 䄀 愀渀搀 刀 愀爀攀 琀爀甀攀 愀渀搀 刀 椀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀⸀∀ }਀                崀Ⰰ veryShort: [਀                    ∀圀栀愀琀 椀猀 琀栀攀 洀漀渀漀洀攀爀 漀昀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀 爀甀戀戀攀爀㼀∀Ⰰ "Why is PHBV considered a biodegradable polymer?"਀                崀Ⰰ short: [਀                    ∀䔀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 琀栀攀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 挀漀渀搀攀渀猀愀琀椀漀渀 瀀漀氀礀洀攀爀猀 眀椀琀栀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀⸀∀Ⰰ "Discuss the preparation and uses of nylon-6,6."਀                崀Ⰰ long: [਀                    ∀䐀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀 琀栀攀 挀氀愀猀猀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 瀀漀氀礀洀攀爀猀 戀愀猀攀搀 漀渀 ⠀椀⤀ 猀漀甀爀挀攀 ⠀椀椀⤀ 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 ⠀椀椀椀⤀ 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 昀漀爀挀攀猀∀Ⰰ "Explain the following with suitable examples: (i) Vulcanization of rubber (ii) Biodegradable polymers (iii) Copolymers"਀                崀Ⰰ caseStudy: [਀                    笀 context: "A polymer chemist was studying the properties of two synthetic polymers A and B. Polymer A was found to soften on heating and could be remoulded, while polymer B did not soften on heating and charred instead. Polymer A was soluble in organic solvents while polymer B was insoluble.",਀                        焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀 "Identify polymers A and B and explain their difference in properties.",਀                            ∀䜀椀瘀攀 漀渀攀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀 攀愀挀栀 漀昀 瀀漀氀礀洀攀爀猀 䄀 愀渀搀 䈀⸀∀ ]਀                    紀 ]਀            紀Ⰰ "Chapter 16": { ਀                洀挀焀㨀 嬀 { question: "Which of the following is an analgesic?", options: ["Penicillin", "Chloramphenicol", "Aspirin", "Cimetidine"], answer: "Aspirin" },਀                    笀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀吀栀攀 搀爀甀最 甀猀攀搀 愀猀 愀渀 愀渀琀椀栀椀猀琀愀洀椀渀攀 椀猀㨀∀Ⰰ 漀瀀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀∀䈀椀琀栀椀漀渀愀氀∀Ⰰ ∀吀攀爀昀攀渀愀搀椀渀攀∀Ⰰ ∀匀愀挀挀栀愀爀椀渀∀Ⰰ ∀䔀焀甀愀渀椀氀∀崀Ⰰ 愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀吀攀爀昀攀渀愀搀椀渀攀∀ 紀Ⰰ { question: "Which of the following is a food preservative?", options: ["Sodium benzoate", "Aspartame", "Sucralose", "Alitame"], answer: "Sodium benzoate" }਀                崀Ⰰ assertionReason: [਀                    笀  assertion: "Aspirin is used as an analgesic and antipyretic.", ਀                        爀攀愀猀漀渀㨀 ∀䄀猀瀀椀爀椀渀 椀渀栀椀戀椀琀猀 琀栀攀 猀礀渀琀栀攀猀椀猀 漀昀 瀀爀漀猀琀愀最氀愀渀搀椀渀猀⸀∀Ⰰ answer: "Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A."਀                    紀Ⰰ { ਀                        愀猀猀攀爀琀椀漀渀㨀 ∀䄀爀琀椀昀椀挀椀愀氀 猀眀攀攀琀攀渀攀爀猀 愀爀攀 甀猀攀搀 戀礀 搀椀愀戀攀琀椀挀 瀀愀琀椀攀渀琀猀⸀∀Ⰰ  reason: "Artificial sweeteners provide less calories than sugar.",਀                        愀渀猀眀攀爀㨀 ∀䈀漀琀栀 䄀 愀渀搀 刀 愀爀攀 琀爀甀攀 愀渀搀 刀 椀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀⸀∀ }਀                崀Ⰰ veryShort: [਀                    ∀圀栀愀琀 椀猀 琀栀攀 爀漀氀攀 漀昀 琀椀渀挀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 椀漀搀椀渀攀 愀猀 愀渀 愀渀琀椀猀攀瀀琀椀挀㼀∀Ⰰ "Why is bithional added to soap?"਀                崀Ⰰ short: [਀                    ∀䔀砀瀀氀愀椀渀 琀栀攀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 愀渀琀椀猀攀瀀琀椀挀猀 愀渀搀 搀椀猀椀渀昀攀挀琀愀渀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀⸀∀Ⰰ "Discuss the advantages of using artificial sweeteners."਀                崀Ⰰ long: [਀                    ∀䐀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀 琀栀攀 挀氀愀猀猀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 搀爀甀最猀 戀愀猀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 愀挀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 猀甀椀琀愀戀氀攀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀⸀∀Ⰰ "Explain the following with examples: (i) Antimicrobials (ii) Antacids (iii) Tranquilizers"਀                崀Ⰰ caseStudy: [਀                    笀 context: "A pharmacist was studying the properties of various drugs. He observed that some drugs prevent the interaction of histamine with its receptor in the stomach, while others inhibit the enzymes required for the synthesis of prostaglandins. Some drugs were found to inhibit the growth of microorganisms or kill them.",਀                        焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 嬀 "Identify the classes of drugs mentioned above with examples.",਀                            ∀圀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀爀愀瀀攀甀琀椀挀 甀猀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 搀爀甀最猀㼀∀ ]਀                    紀 ]਀            紀 };਀ function getRandomQuestions(chapters, type, count) {਀            琀爀礀 笀 let allQuestions = [];਀                挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀猀⸀昀漀爀䔀愀挀栀⠀挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀 㴀㸀 笀 if (questions[chapter] && questions[chapter][type]) {਀                        愀氀氀儀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀 㴀 愀氀氀儀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀⸀挀漀渀挀愀琀⠀焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀嬀挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀崀嬀琀礀瀀攀崀⤀㬀 }਀                紀⤀㬀 allQuestions = allQuestions.sort(() => Math.random() - 0.5);਀                爀攀琀甀爀渀 愀氀氀儀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀⸀猀氀椀挀攀⠀　Ⰰ 挀漀甀渀琀⤀㬀 } catch (error) {਀                挀漀渀猀漀氀攀⸀攀爀爀漀爀⠀∀䔀爀爀漀爀 椀渀 最攀琀刀愀渀搀漀洀儀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀㨀∀Ⰰ 攀爀爀漀爀⤀㬀 return [];਀            紀 }਀ function showChemistryOptions() {਀            猀琀愀爀琀匀挀爀攀攀渀⸀挀氀愀猀猀䰀椀猀琀⸀愀搀搀⠀✀栀椀搀搀攀渀✀⤀㬀 chemistryOptions.classList.remove('hidden');਀        紀 ਀        昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀 猀栀漀眀䌀栀愀瀀琀攀爀猀⠀⤀ 笀 chemistryOptions.classList.add('hidden');਀            挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀匀攀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀⸀挀氀愀猀猀䰀椀猀琀⸀爀攀洀漀瘀攀⠀✀栀椀搀搀攀渀✀⤀㬀 }਀ function toggleChapters() {਀            挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀䌀栀攀挀欀戀漀砀攀猀⸀昀漀爀䔀愀挀栀⠀挀戀 㴀㸀 挀戀⸀搀椀猀愀戀氀攀搀 㴀 昀甀氀氀倀愀瀀攀爀䌀栀攀挀欀戀漀砀⸀挀栀攀挀欀攀搀⤀㬀 }਀ function backToStart() {਀            最攀渀攀爀愀琀攀搀倀愀瀀攀爀䌀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀爀⸀挀氀愀猀猀䰀椀猀琀⸀愀搀搀⠀✀栀椀搀搀攀渀✀⤀㬀 startContainer.classList.remove('hidden');਀            挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀匀攀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀⸀挀氀愀猀猀䰀椀猀琀⸀愀搀搀⠀✀栀椀搀搀攀渀✀⤀㬀 startScreen.classList.remove('hidden');਀        紀 ਀        昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀攀䄀猀猀椀最渀洀攀渀琀⠀⤀ 笀 try {਀                挀漀渀猀漀氀攀⸀氀漀最⠀∀䜀攀渀攀爀愀琀椀渀最 愀猀猀椀最渀洀攀渀琀⸀⸀⸀∀⤀㬀 ਀                ⼀⼀ 䠀椀搀攀 猀琀愀爀琀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀爀 愀渀搀 猀栀漀眀 愀猀猀椀最渀洀攀渀琀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀爀 startContainer.classList.add('hidden');਀                最攀渀攀爀愀琀攀搀倀愀瀀攀爀䌀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀爀⸀挀氀愀猀猀䰀椀猀琀⸀爀攀洀漀瘀攀⠀✀栀椀搀搀攀渀✀⤀㬀 generatedPaperContainer.innerHTML = '';਀                 // Get selected chapters਀                挀漀渀猀琀 猀攀氀攀挀琀攀搀䌀栀愀瀀琀攀爀猀 㴀 昀甀氀氀倀愀瀀攀爀䌀栀攀挀欀戀漀砀⸀挀栀攀挀欀攀搀  ? Object.keys(questions) ਀                    㨀 䄀爀爀愀礀⸀昀爀漀洀⠀搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀⸀焀甀攀爀礀匀攀氀攀挀琀漀爀䄀氀氀⠀✀椀渀瀀甀琀嬀渀愀洀攀㴀∀挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀∀崀㨀挀栀攀挀欀攀搀✀⤀⤀⸀洀愀瀀⠀挀戀 㴀㸀 挀戀⸀瘀愀氀甀攀⤀㬀 ਀                椀昀 ⠀猀攀氀攀挀琀攀搀䌀栀愀瀀琀攀爀猀⸀氀攀渀最琀栀 㴀㴀㴀 　⤀ 笀 alert("Please select at least one chapter!");਀                    猀琀愀爀琀䌀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀爀⸀挀氀愀猀猀䰀椀猀琀⸀爀攀洀漀瘀攀⠀✀栀椀搀搀攀渀✀⤀㬀 return;਀                紀 ਀                挀漀渀猀漀氀攀⸀氀漀最⠀∀匀攀氀攀挀琀攀搀 挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀猀㨀∀Ⰰ 猀攀氀攀挀琀攀搀䌀栀愀瀀琀攀爀猀⤀㬀 ਀                挀漀渀猀琀 挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀一愀洀攀猀 㴀 猀攀氀攀挀琀攀搀䌀栀愀瀀琀攀爀猀⸀洀愀瀀⠀挀栀 㴀㸀 笀 if (ch === "Full Paper") return "Full Syllabus";਀                    挀漀渀猀琀 氀愀戀攀氀 㴀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀⸀焀甀攀爀礀匀攀氀攀挀琀漀爀⠀怀氀愀戀攀氀嬀昀漀爀㴀∀␀笀挀栀⸀琀漀䰀漀眀攀爀䌀愀猀攀⠀⤀紀∀崀怀⤀㬀 return label ? ch + ". " + label.textContent.split(". ")[1] : ch;਀                紀⤀⸀樀漀椀渀⠀∀Ⰰ ∀⤀㬀 ਀                挀漀渀猀漀氀攀⸀氀漀最⠀∀䌀栀愀瀀琀攀爀 渀愀洀攀猀㨀∀Ⰰ 挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀一愀洀攀猀⤀㬀 ਀                ⼀⼀ 䌀爀攀愀琀攀 愀猀猀椀最渀洀攀渀琀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀 let paperContent = `਀                    㰀搀椀瘀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀栀攀愀搀攀爀∀㸀

Class XII Chemistry Assignment

਀                        㰀栀㌀㸀␀笀猀攀氀攀挀琀攀搀䌀栀愀瀀琀攀爀猀⸀氀攀渀最琀栀 㴀㴀㴀 伀戀樀攀挀琀⸀欀攀礀猀⠀焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀⤀⸀氀攀渀最琀栀 㼀 ∀䘀甀氀氀 匀礀氀氀愀戀甀猀∀ 㨀 挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀一愀洀攀猀紀㰀⼀栀㌀㸀